Exploitation as innovation: Research ethics and the governance of experimentation in the urban living lab

As data technologies become the medium of experiment for living labs, they become less a collaboration between citizen and researcher and more a test of how commercial actors can influence the public. Two new practices suggest we should
apply research ethics rules: first, that the experimentation taking place does not aim to test technology using people, but to test people using technology; and second, that such experimentation is explicitly designed to understand how the
population outside the lab can be influenced and manipulated, and therefore has a political character that research ethics can give us some leverage over.