Social media use as a risk factor for depressive symptoms during pregnancy

Background
Accumulating research has shown associations between excessive social media use (SMU) with depressive symptoms. Depression is common during pregnancy, but it is not known whether SMU plays a role in the etiology and clinical course of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

Methods
The current study is a prospective cohort study with Dutch-speaking pregnant women recruited at the first antenatal appointment (N = 697). Depressive symptoms were measured at each trimester of pregnancy using the Edinburgh Depression Scale. Growth mixture modeling was used to determine classes of women based on longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms. SMU was assessed at 12 weeks of pregnancy, specifically, intensity (time and frequency) and problematic SMU (Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale). Multinomial logistic
regression analyses were used to examine the associations between SMU and trajectories of depressive symptoms.

Results
Three trajectories of depressive symptoms during pregnancy were identified: a low stable (N = 489, 70.2 %), intermediate stable (N = 183, 26.3 %), and high stable (N = 25, 3.6 %) class. SMU Time and Frequency were significantly associated with belonging to the high stable class. Problematic SMU was significantly associated with belonging to the intermediate or high stable class.

Limitations
The study does not allow to draw conclusions about causality. The group sizes of the three trajectories differed considerably. Data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic which may have influenced the results. SMU was measured by self-report.

Conclusions
These results indicate that both higher intensity of SMU (time and frequency) and problematic SMU may be a risk factor for higher levels of prenatal depressive symptoms during pregnancy.