The rise and fall of behaviorism: The narrative and the numbers

Michiel Braat, Jan Engelen*, Ties van Gemert, Sander Verhaegh*

*Corresponding author for this work

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticleScientificpeer-review

    20 Citations (Scopus)

    Abstract

    The history of 20th-century American psychology is often depicted as a history of the rise and fall of behaviorism. Although historians disagree about the theoretical and social factors that have contributed to the development of experimental psychology, there is widespread consensus about the growing and (later) declining influence of behaviorism between approximately 1920 and 1970. Because such wide-scope claims about the development of American psychology are typically based on small and unrepresentative samples of historical data, however, the question arises to what extent the received view is justified. This article aims to answer this question in two ways. First, we use advanced scientometric tools (e.g., bibliometric mapping, cocitation analysis, and term co-occurrence analysis) to quantitatively analyze the metadata of 119,278 articles published in American journals between 1920 and 1970. We reconstruct the development and structure of American psychology using cocitation and co-occurrence networks and argue that the standard story needs reappraising. Second, we argue that the question whether behaviorism was the "dominant" school of American psychology is historically misleading to begin with. Using the results of our bibliometric analyses, we argue that questions about the development of American psychology deserve more fine-grained answers.

    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)252-280
    Number of pages29
    JournalHistory of Psychology
    Volume23
    Issue number3
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished - Aug 2020

    Keywords

    • American psychology
    • Behaviorism
    • Bibliometric mapping
    • Co-occurrence analysis
    • Cocitation analysis

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