Abstract
Why this study?
Integrated care is about better organizing and coordinating care and support around people’s needs. This is especially important for people with multiple care and support needs, who often receive care and support from several organizations at the same time, such as general practitioners, hospitals, home care organizations, and social care organizations. As a result, these organizations increasingly work together in (care) networks, a development that is also encouraged by the Dutch Integrated Care Agreement (IZA). In practice, however, this collaboration is not always easy.
Discussions about collaboration often focus on issues that need to be organized and arranged, such as funding or organizational design. But collaboration ultimately unfolds among people and organizations that each have their own ideas, interests, and ways of working. A social worker, medical specialist, and general practitioner, for example, do not always share the same views on what good care or good collaboration looks like. What they consider important is reflected in the values they hold.
This thesis therefore focused on the following central question: what role do values play in care networks? By values, we mean what people and organizations consider important, desirable, and worth striving for in their work and in the care they aim to provide. For example, a hospital may strongly focus on efficiency and medical treatment, while a municipality may place more emphasis on participation and self-reliance. Values can also act as a binding force in collaboration, for example when organizations work towards a collective goal based on a shared value. At the same time, differences in values can also create tensions. It is exactly this tension that makes collaboration in healthcare networks both complicated and interesting.
How was the study conducted?
The study consisted of five sub-studies. First, existing literature was studied, and international experts were assessed to explore which values play a role in integrated care. Next, a survey examined how these values are prioritized by more than one thousand respondents across 42 countries. After that, a case study within a maternity care network examined how values influence collaboration in practice. Finally, 24 care networks were compared to understand which combinations of factors contribute to effective collaboration.
Main findings
The study showed that making values explicit helps to explain why collaboration can sometimes be difficult. Organizations do not always agree on what is desirable or important. Second, these differences are not only a challenge, but also a strength. Hospitals, municipalities, and home care organizations all bring different perspectives to the network. This is exactly what makes collaboration valuable. Differences are therefore not only a dividing factor but can also become a connecting one. Third, connection and coordination play an important role. Many successful networks include an independent organization that does not provide care itself, but helps connect different organizations and bridge differences between them. Finally, the study showed that there is no single blueprint for organizing collaboration successfully. What works depends on the composition and context of the network.
Main recommendations
Do not approach collaboration between organizations as separate short-term projects with a clear beginning and end, but as long-term collaborations in which organizations gradually learn how to work together. This means that time and space are needed for relationships and collaboration to grow and develop. Furthermore, rely less on fixed structures or standard models that are expected to work everywhere in the same way. Instead, consider what is needed to achieve a shared goal, which organizations are needed, and what this requires from the collaboration. One network may require a different form of coordination than another. Finally, do not see differences between organizations as something that should be smoothed out, but as something valuable that should be worked with consciously. This can be done, for example, by making differences in values explicit and then working towards shared values where needed.
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Integrated care is about better organizing and coordinating care and support around people’s needs. This is especially important for people with multiple care and support needs, who often receive care and support from several organizations at the same time, such as general practitioners, hospitals, home care organizations, and social care organizations. As a result, these organizations increasingly work together in (care) networks, a development that is also encouraged by the Dutch Integrated Care Agreement (IZA). In practice, however, this collaboration is not always easy.
Discussions about collaboration often focus on issues that need to be organized and arranged, such as funding or organizational design. But collaboration ultimately unfolds among people and organizations that each have their own ideas, interests, and ways of working. A social worker, medical specialist, and general practitioner, for example, do not always share the same views on what good care or good collaboration looks like. What they consider important is reflected in the values they hold.
This thesis therefore focused on the following central question: what role do values play in care networks? By values, we mean what people and organizations consider important, desirable, and worth striving for in their work and in the care they aim to provide. For example, a hospital may strongly focus on efficiency and medical treatment, while a municipality may place more emphasis on participation and self-reliance. Values can also act as a binding force in collaboration, for example when organizations work towards a collective goal based on a shared value. At the same time, differences in values can also create tensions. It is exactly this tension that makes collaboration in healthcare networks both complicated and interesting.
How was the study conducted?
The study consisted of five sub-studies. First, existing literature was studied, and international experts were assessed to explore which values play a role in integrated care. Next, a survey examined how these values are prioritized by more than one thousand respondents across 42 countries. After that, a case study within a maternity care network examined how values influence collaboration in practice. Finally, 24 care networks were compared to understand which combinations of factors contribute to effective collaboration.
Main findings
The study showed that making values explicit helps to explain why collaboration can sometimes be difficult. Organizations do not always agree on what is desirable or important. Second, these differences are not only a challenge, but also a strength. Hospitals, municipalities, and home care organizations all bring different perspectives to the network. This is exactly what makes collaboration valuable. Differences are therefore not only a dividing factor but can also become a connecting one. Third, connection and coordination play an important role. Many successful networks include an independent organization that does not provide care itself, but helps connect different organizations and bridge differences between them. Finally, the study showed that there is no single blueprint for organizing collaboration successfully. What works depends on the composition and context of the network.
Main recommendations
Do not approach collaboration between organizations as separate short-term projects with a clear beginning and end, but as long-term collaborations in which organizations gradually learn how to work together. This means that time and space are needed for relationships and collaboration to grow and develop. Furthermore, rely less on fixed structures or standard models that are expected to work everywhere in the same way. Instead, consider what is needed to achieve a shared goal, which organizations are needed, and what this requires from the collaboration. One network may require a different form of coordination than another. Finally, do not see differences between organizations as something that should be smoothed out, but as something valuable that should be worked with consciously. This can be done, for example, by making differences in values explicit and then working towards shared values where needed.
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Waarom dit onderzoek?
Integrale zorg draait om het beter organiseren en afstemmen van zorg en ondersteuning rondom de behoeften van mensen. Vooral mensen met meerdere zorg- en ondersteuningsvragen hebben vaak te maken met verschillende organisaties tegelijk, zoals huisartsen, ziekenhuizen, thuiszorg- en welzijnsorganisaties. Daarom werken deze organisaties steeds vaker samen in (zorg)netwerken, zoals ook wordt gestimuleerd in het Integraal Zorgakkoord (IZA). In de praktijk blijkt die samenwerking echter niet eenvoudig.
Vaak wordt bij samenwerking gekeken naar te regelen en af te spreken zaken, zoals financiering, regels of organisatiestructuren. Maar samenwerking komt uiteindelijk tot stand door mensen en organisaties die ieder hun eigen ideeën, belangen en manieren van werken hebben. Een welzijnswerker, medisch specialist of huisarts kijken bijvoorbeeld niet altijd op dezelfde manier naar wat goede zorg of goede samenwerking is. Wat zij belangrijk vinden, komt tot uiting in de waarden die ze uitdragen.
In dit proefschrift stond daarom de volgende vraag centraal: welke rol spelen waarden in zorgnetwerken? Met waarden bedoelen we wat mensen en organisaties belangrijk, wenselijk en nastrevenswaardig vinden in hun werk en in de zorg die zij willen bieden. Een ziekenhuis kan bijvoorbeeld sterk gericht zijn op efficiënt en medisch handelen, terwijl een gemeente juist meer nadruk legt op zelfredzaamheid. Waarden kunnen ook een bindmiddel zijn in samenwerking, bijvoorbeeld wanneer organisaties een overstijgend doel met een gedeelde waarde nastreven. Tegelijkertijd kunnen verschillen in waarden ook spanningen veroorzaken. Juist die tegenstelling maakt samenwerking in zorgnetwerken ingewikkeld, maar ook interessant.
Hoe is het onderzoek uitgevoerd?
Het onderzoek bestond uit vijf deelstudies. Eerst is in de literatuur en met internationale experts verkend welke waarden een rol spelen in integrale zorg. Vervolgens is met een vragenlijst onderzocht hoe deze waarden worden geprioriteerd door meer dan duizend respondenten in 42 landen. Daarna is in een casestudie binnen een geboortezorgnetwerk gekeken hoe waarden in de praktijk doorwerken in samenwerking. Tot slot zijn 24 zorgnetwerken met elkaar vergeleken om te begrijpen welke combinaties van factoren, waaronder waarden, bijdragen aan effectieve samenwerking.
Belangrijkste conclusies
Het onderzoek liet zien dat het expliciteren van waarden helpt om te begrijpen waarom samenwerking soms lastig is. Organisaties kijken soms verschillend naar wat wenselijk is. Ten tweede zijn die verschillen niet alleen een probleem, maar ook een kracht. Ziekenhuizen, gemeenten en thuiszorgorganisaties brengen allemaal andere perspectieven in. Juist dat maakt de samenwerking waardevol. De verschillen zijn geen verdelende, maar een bindende factor. Ten derde speelt verbinding en coördinatie een belangrijke rol. In veel succesvolle netwerken is er een onafhankelijke partij die niet zelf zorg levert, maar wel helpt om verschillende organisaties met elkaar te verbinden. Tot slot blijkt dat er geen vaste manier is om samenwerking goed te organiseren. Wat werkt, hangt af van de samenstelling en context van het netwerk.
Belangrijkste aanbevelingen
Zie samenwerking tussen organisaties niet als losse projecten met een begin en eind, maar als langdurige samenwerkingen waarin partijen met elkaar leren te werken. Dat betekent bijvoorbeeld dat er tijd en ruimte nodig is om te groeien en ontwikkelen. Vervolgens, werk minder met vaste structuren die overal hetzelfde moeten werken. Kijk wat er nodig is om een doel te behalen, welke organisaties daarvoor nodig zijn en wat dat vraagt van de samenwerking. In het ene netwerk kan andere sturing nodig zijn, dan in het andere. Tot slot: zie verschillen tussen organisaties niet als iets dat je moet wegpoetsen, maar als iets dat van waarde is, en waar je bewust mee moet werken. Bijvoorbeeld door verschillen in elkaars waarden te expliciteren en vervolgens te werken aan gemeenschappelijke waarden.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Qualification | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Awarding Institution |
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| Supervisors/Advisors |
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| Award date | 23 Jun 2026 |
| Publisher | |
| Print ISBNs | 9789493406834 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2026 |
UN SDGs
This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being
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