What the Dutch Apple case can teach us about future challenges for competition enforcement

The paper discusses three future challenges of competition enforcement as displayed in the Dutch Apple case. Section II puts the reasoning of the ACM in its Apple decision and the assessment of its reasoning by the Rotterdam District Court in interim proceedings in the perspective of how to revitalize exploitative abuses for platform markets (the first challenge). It does so by exploring earlier case law on unfair trading conditions and related, recent cases at the national level involving exploitative abuses. Section III discusses two wider policy implications raised by the Dutch Apple case, namely how to align enforcement efforts of the Commission with actions of national competition authorities (the second challenge) and how to ensure effective compliance with competition decisions (the third challenge). Section IV concludes.