When bad labour conditions become exploitation: Lessons learnt from the Chowdury case

This chapter explains how exploitation is related to practices of slavery, forced and compulsory labour, and traff icking in human beings.
Understanding the different types and levels of abuse of workers and
how such practices are legally qualified help to distinguish between bad
labour conditions and exploitation. Rijken pays special attention to the
recent case of Chowdury et al., vs Greece in which the European Court of
Human Rights (ECtHR) clarified some aspects related to forced labour
but left others untouched. Based on the concepts of consent, coercion, and
vulnerability, Rijken provides a framework that can be used to determine
when a situation is qualified as exploitation.